Russian formalism

 Russian formalism was interested in structure of a sentence and in a literature. Russian formalism is a school of literary criticism formed in Russia was work on a literary criticism from 1910 to 1930. Some of its concepts are still in use today in literary criticism. They focus in aspects of verbal communication called literariness, it means to create a distant between two points rather than a straight line. The Russian formalists believed that literature, including poetry, should not be interpreted based on ideology, historical interests, or psychological principles. Literary art is the total effect of literary devices and “strategies” the writer uses to achieve her aims.

Scholars point out that Russian formalism is not the precise term for the school of criticism. They are interested in what they are call in structure, in other word, in the way a text is put together.  Many of its early adherents could not agree on what all of its principals and goals should be. They simply considered themselves “formalists.”

Formalists advocated an objective and what they considered a “scientific” method of studying literature and poetic language. Literary scholarship was thought to be a distinct field of study that was separate from the disciplines of psychology and sociology. Only those features that distinguish literature from all other kinds of thought and expression should be the object of critical study.

                 Spectatorship

As I understand a meaning of spectator ,a viewer of a film and also say a individual member of audience. To analysis a cinema a spectator play a major role and in their success also. According Judith Mayne, whose cinema and spectatorship is the key book on the subject, “spectatorship is not only the act of watching film but also the ways one take pleasure in the experience or not the means by which watching movies become passion”. From this it understand from the audience get satisfied from particular thing then that thing will be get popularity and get success to it. According to Michele Aaron say’s that what is important is the individual’s own role and activity in participating in the pleasure of the text, in determine the meaning of a film and even the meaning of cinema”. It means that a films story which co-related to a daily life of a viewer somewhere in their busy scheduled and also passionate about it. A spectator also reacts in the action and in climax of a film. They are not only a viewer but also taking a pleasure of watching and giving a meaning in our own words of a film.

For instance, 3 idiots, directed by Rajkumar Hirani, released in 2009 and on that time many suicide case of a young children tension towards their studies are seen in a society. Then this movie co-related to them which help them to understand how they held the banden the system of studies and also change the parents thinking toward to it. This film is a part of a society which seen in day to day life of it. This thing was a small part of society which shown in the movie and happen daily in the spectator life and also understand how to held to it.

Spectator involvement is important, their activity and manipulation and their distance. According to him he distinction between the spectator is not a viewer and viewer is understand through cultural studies in live, breathing and others. This viewer exists in sharp close associated into spectator as a subject.  

                      Kabuki

Kabuki is one of a art form which located in Japan. A classical and traditional form of dance. This art performed as a drama theater. In the form a costumes and makeup play an important role in it. It required high level makeup in this art form. For makeup rice powder is used to create the white base for it. Kumadari, as facial line to show as animals or others. When I hear and seen his form, then I understand the only male can be participate in a dance and drama theater because female were banned from performing in it. Mostly male are in the getup of female characters.

In a kabuki no facial expression are use, it express through their hands and gesture of a actor. It defines by the motion and their acts should be stable in their acting. Kabuki is more popular among the lower class and also a common the art by motion not by expression. The word kabuki is composed in japans character: “ka” represent as a song, “bu” represents as dance, “ki” represents as skill.

In it acting is two type styles, Aragoto is rough acting, is portrayed a superhuman. Wagoto is soft acting. When we talk about style then performance of a kabuki, it has three main type of a performance, firstly Jidaimono, it play was only on historical which act on Japanese history. Secondly Sewamono, it play was on commoners, it called domestic plays. Thirdly Shosagoto as play as dance pieces. All the kabuki performance was base on makeup and costumes of an actor.

The main aim of this theatre to play a moral conflicts and historical plays only music of a kabuki is created by banging two wooden clappers, which signals of start the drama and the end of every play. This form one of an entertainment for Japanese.   

      If cutting is prose, then montage is poetry.

This phrase says that, prose is also called as sequence, then in first part if we cut the sequence then montage is poetry, each phrase of this poem can be seen as an attraction, and the combination of phrases is montage. It means at one the things are co related to each other.

As a film, the montage is presents in every film, because the film wants to express many things at one time and in limited words. In music, montage means to put together with technique. Two common montage sequence devices of the period are a newspaper one and a railroad one. In the newspaper one, there are multiple shots of newspapers being printed and headlines zooming on to the screen telling whatever needs to be told.

Where in sound and songs montage is presents in everyone of it. Now a day without technique work song was not prepared or not present in front of audience. It records a short series of sense perceptions, forcing the mind to create their unified sense, and producing a precise psychological impact. After applied montage in song and it use only a portion of a recording song. In music section montage also called as sound collage, it origin in1673. For instance, now a days in every movies and their origin songs, the mixture of montage songs also been made with it.  

 

Andre Bazin's myth of total cinema

Myth’s means a traditional story or concern about the early historical people. And in cinema, in Indian cinema complete the 100 year of it. Cinema follows the myth of it and one person who critic to their method of making film and uses for different form say by Andre Bazin.

Andre Bazin a man who born in 18, April, 1918, on those days he renowned as a film critic and make film theorist.

Cinema and photograph is always realist. On that day he wrote about the future cinema. He says that in future emergence on the technology of cinema, not for the story and present mixture feeling of spectator. Bazin always against of selling the films, cinema was born for the technology and it was not a place of inventing technology and economy. Cinema is primarily state at which connect to a heart.

According to bazin cinema is an idealistic phenomenon. It means that cinema is a game of heart but it converts into fully mind player. It was drawn by technology only focus on visualization of it not on their realist. Its concept gets change, now they drawn from economic and development of technological.

Realism is the attempt or aim of objectivity- enabled by machine’s reproduction of reality. Bazin say, the real ancient of the cinema existing only remain in the imagination. He believes that the myth of total cinema realism was present in the cinema is a tool of fantasy and dreams than production of nature, a cinema should be look like production of nature. The technical development of cinema and development of cinema as art form, this thing confused by Bazin. This was written in earlier but this was also applicable now and same thing happen in it.

Natyashastra

Natyashastra is an Indian art form , it also a traditional form . Natya means drama and shastra means a sanskruti of an Indian, with combines it drama sanskruti. This performs during the happiness and sadness which was also Rasa's expression used in it. In it food taste expression used in drama when we play on the stage. The natyashastra carefully delineates the bhavas used to create each rasa. With the help of performs their expression play a important role in it. It is a classical music, makeup, costumes, dance.  state design music are the instrument of a natyashastra. It performed on a stag which build artificially only for performance. It was written during the period of 200 BCE.

The earlier started by Abhinavahbarati byabhinava gupta. Ti always written in Sanskrit. It is very large portion, as 6,000 sutras. And natyashastra divided into 36chapater. It is attributed to the bharata.

Natyashatra is based on the much older gandhara veda, it is represents integrating quality of consciousness. It expression of external music of nature. It consists of four elements, firstly pathya or text in Veda’s language say as Rigveda. Secondly gita or songs, it use instrumentalmusic, in veda language sat as sama veda. Abhinaya or acting a way of expression, it says as Yajur veda. Anukarana or redoing of the triple universe and life in its entirely.

Natyashastra is one of the most famous shastra of an Indian . This dance was express through facial feeling. In barata natyashastra is the first work that discusses from the rasa process.

Transference and synaesthesia

 

Transference, a word says that a object have a mirror image in it. Because we can judge them as they are within it. No wrong judgment occur due to transference. When a transference in a film, it was a one of a effect     which given to every scene or element. It is a single effect can be produced by a number of different elements. In a film many elements are present on the screen at once.

They may reinforce each other, heightening the effect, the elements may conflict among themselves and create a new effect; or an unexpected element may convey a needed effect. This last is the height of transference.

 Synaesthesia,is came  from Greek  syn  means with or joined together and aesthesis , means ‘the union of senses’. It has been widely established that

synaesthesia occurs when an individual receives a stimulus in one sensory modality and experiences a sensation in another.

 Synaestesia has been interpreted by many as different things. It has been consigned to abnormality, philosophy or metaphor for centuries, but on the other hand as a  physiological fact because for some individuals certain

stimuli cause “real” synaesthetic responses or synaesthetic

perception.When several elements combine at the same time, there is the possibility of synaesthesia, or multisensory experience. He insisted as willfully as he could that the shot was a locus of formal elements such as lighting, line, movement, and volume. The natural sense of the shot need not, should not, dominate our experience.